Heat olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Season chicken breasts with salt and pepper and cook until golden brown and cooked through, about 6-7 minutes per side. Remove chicken and set aside.
In the same skillet, add sliced mushrooms and cook until browned, about 5 minutes. Add minced garlic and cook for an additional minute until fragrant.
Pour in the Marsala wine and chicken broth. Bring to a simmer and cook for 3-4 minutes to reduce slightly.
Stir in heavy cream and let simmer for another 2 minutes. Return chicken to skillet and spoon sauce over top to heat through.
Serve chicken and sauce over cooked pasta, garnished with grated Parmesan cheese.
Notes
This recipe can be made gluten-free by using gluten-free pasta. For a lighter sauce, substitute half-and-half for heavy cream.